Comparing the Neuroprotective Effects of Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of Vernonia Amygdalina on the Cerebellum of Adult Male Wistar Rats

Authors

  • Ugochukwu Samuel Aguwa Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi campus
  • Somadina M Okeke Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi campus
  • Chijioke M Okeke Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi campus
  • Chinyere E Eze Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi campus
  • Benedict Nzube Obinwa Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi campus
  • Morris Izuogu Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi campus
  • Felix Ogbo Ovie Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi campus
  • Darlington Nnamdi Onyejike Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi campus
  • Doris Kasarachi Ogbuokiri Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi campus
  • Damian N Ezejindu Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi campus

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21467/ias.9.1.145-159

Abstract

The solvent of extraction determines the type and amount of phytochemicals extractible from a plant material. Reports have shown that numerous African herbs are rich is potent phytochemicals which have been used in folkloric and orthodox medicine in the prevention and treatment of ailments. This research is geared towards comparing the neuroprotective potency of the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Vernonia amygdalina on the cerebellum of mercury chloride intoxicated Wistar rats. Thirty adult male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups of 5 rats each. Group A was the negative control and had food and water only. Group B was the positive control and was exposed to mercury chloride without treatment. Groups C1 and C2 received 200mg/kg bw of aqueous and methanolic extracts respectively while groups D1 and D2 received 400mg/kg bw of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Vernonia amygdalina respectively. Result of phytochemical analysis shows that water extracted more flavonoids while methanol extracted more phenols. The results of antioxidant studies show that the methanolic extract conferred more protection against oxidative stress than the aqueous extract. Histological results show that aqueous extract conferred more protection than the methanolic extract. We therefore conclude from our report that both the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Vernonia amygdalina confer neuroprotection on the cerebellum of Wistar rats.

Keywords:

Methanol, Aqueous, Neuroprotective, Cerebellum, Vernonia amygdalina, Antioxidant

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

K. L. Brookie, G. I. Best and T. S. Conner, “Intake of raw fruits and vegetables is associated with better mental health than intake of processed fruits and vegetables,” Front. Psychol., vol. 9, pp. 487, 2018.

U.B Ekaluo,, E. V. Ikpeme, E. E. Ekerette, and C. I. Chukwu. "In vitro antioxidant and free radical activity of some Nigerian medicinal plants: bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina L.) and guava (Psidium guajava Del.)." Research Journal of Medicinal Plant 9, no. 5 (2015): 215-226. DOI: 10.3923/rjmp.2015.215.226

P. D. Kadam. "Role of oxidative stress in various stages of psoriasis/PK Dipali [et al.]." Indian journal of clinical biochemistry 25, no. 4 (2010): 388-392. DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-010-0043-9

I. C, E. E, C. Egbuna, O. C, and I. O, “Effects of Four Different Food Additives on the Oxidative Stress Markers of Wistar Albino Rats”, Int. Ann. Sci., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 46-51, Nov. 2019. doi:10.21467/ias.9.1.46-51

Y. Hassan and M. Barde, “Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Potential of Selected Nigerian Vegetables”, Int. Ann. Sci., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 12-16, Jul. 2019. doi: 10.21467/ias.8.1.12-16.

E. Sahlin, G. P. Savage, and C. E. Lister. "Investigation of the antioxidant properties of tomatoes after processing." Journal of Food composition and Analysis 17, no. 5 (2004): 635-647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2003.10.003

C. Emmanuel-Ikpeme, H. Peters and A.O Orim. "Comparative evaluation of the nutritional, phytochemical and microbiological quality of three pepper varieties." Journal of food and nutrition sciences 2, no. 3 (2014): 74-80. doi: 10.11648/j.jfns.20140203.15

U.B. Ekaluo, E. V. Ikpeme, Y. B. Ibiang, and F. O. Omordia. "Effect of soursop (Annona muricata L.) fruit extract on sperm toxicity induced by caffeine in albino rats." J. Med. Sci 13, no. 1 (2013): 67-71. DOI:10.3923/jms.2013.67.71

E.O. Farombi, and O. Owoeye. "Antioxidative and chemopreventive properties of Vernonia amygdalina and Garcinia biflavonoid." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8, no. 6 (2011): 2533-2555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8062533

M. Fouillaud, Y. Caro, M. Venkatachalam, I. Grondin, and L. Dufossé, “Anthraquinones. Leo M. L. Nollet; Janet Alejandra Gutiérrez-Uribe. Phenolic Compounds in Food Characterization and Analysis”, CRC Press, pp.130-170, 2018, 978-1-4987-2296-4.

O.R. Alara, N.H. Abdurahman, S.K. Abdul Mudalip, and O.A. Olalere. "Characterization and effect of extraction solvents on the yield and total phenolic content from Vernonia amygdalina leaves." Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization 12, no. 1 (2018): 311-316. DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-017-9642-y

I.I. Ijeh, and C. E. C. C. Ejike. "Current perspectives on the medicinal potentials of Vernonia amygdalina Del." Journal of medicinal plants research 5, no. 7 (2011): 1051-1061. DOI: 10.5897/JMPR

O. A. Ojiako, and H. U. Nwanjo. Is Vernonia amygdalina hepatotoxic or hepatoprotective? Response from biochemical and toxicity studies in rats. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 5 (18), pp. 1648-1651, 18 September 2006

B.A. Iwalokun, B. U. Efedede, J. A. Alabi-Sofunde, T. Oduala, O. A. Magbagbeola, and A. I. Akinwande. "Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of Vernonia amygdalina on acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in mice." Journal of Medicinal Food 9, no. 4 (2006): 524-530. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2006.9.524

P.A. Akah and C. L. Okafor. "Blood sugar lowering effect of Vernonia amygdalina Del, in an experimental rabbit model." Phytotherapy Research 6, no. 3 (1992): 171-173. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650060318

A.A. Osinubi. "Effects of Vernonia amygdalina and chlorpropamide on blood glucose." Medical Journal of Islamic World Academy of Sciences 16, no. 3 (2007): 115-119.

E.B. Izevbigie. "Discovery of water-soluble anticancer agents (edotides) from a vegetable found in Benin City, Nigeria." Experimental Biology and Medicine 228, no. 3 (2003): 293-298. https://doi.org/10.1177/153537020322800308

U. Udochukwu, F.I. Omeje, I. S. Uloma, F. D. Oseiwe. Phytochemical analysis of Vernonia amygdalina and Ocimum gratissimum extracts and their antibacterial activity on some drug resistant bacteria. American Journal of Research Communication, 2015, 3(5): 225-235.

M. K. Deepak, S. K. , V. H. Mahabaleshwar, and B. Hanhong. Significance of Antioxidant Potential of Plants and its Relevance to Therapeutic Applications. Published online 2015 Jun 11. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.12096

D.T. Hawkins. Physical and chemical properties of water. Ifi/Plenum, 1976. DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1387-8_6

B. J. Oso, O. Oyeleke and O. Soetan, “Influence of different solvent polarities on the phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant properties of the fruit of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich.,” Trends Phytochem. Res., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 97-102, 2018.

National Toxicology Program. "Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Mercuric Chloride (CAS No. 7487-94-7) in F344 Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies)." National Toxicology Program technical report series 408 (1993): 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/074823379701300401

R.A.B. Drury and E. A. Wallington. "Preparation and fixation of tissues." Carleton's histological technique 5 (1980): 41-54.

A.G. Gornall, C. J. Bardawill, and M. M. David. "Determination of serum proteins by means of the biuret reaction." Journal of biological chemistry 177, no. 2 (1949): 751-766.

R. Varshney, and R. K. Kale. "Effects of calmodulin antagonists on radiation-induced lipid peroxidation in microsomes." International journal of radiation biology 58, no. 5 (1990): 733-743. https://doi.org/10.1080/09553009014552121

H.P. Misra, and I. Fridovich. "The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase." Journal of Biological chemistry 247, no. 10 (1972): 3170-3175. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 247, 3170-3175.

D.M. Valerino, and J. J. McCormack. "Xanthine oxidase-mediated oxidation of epinephrine." Biochemical pharmacology 20, no. 1 (1971): 47-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(71)90470-9

E. Beutler. "Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione." J. lab. clin. Med. 61 (1963): 882-888. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 61, 882-888, 1963

C.G. Carlson, J. Rutter, C. Bledsoe, R. Singh, H. Hoff, K. Bruemmer, J. Sesti, F.Gatti, J. Berge, and L. McCarthy. "A simple protocol for assessing inter-trial and inter-examiner reliability for two noninvasive measures of limb muscle strength." Journal of neuroscience methods 186, no. 2 (2010): 226-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.11.006

O.I. Aruoma, Oxis International Inc, 2008. Neuroprotectant methods, compositions, and screening methods thereof. U.S. Patent Application 11/347,016. US 2008/0107603 A1

U.S. Aguwa, O. Owoeye, S. I. Olu, and O. Ukoba. "Teratogenic effect of maternal vitamin A consumption on the liver, limbs and other morphological parameters of the pups of wistar rats." International Journal of Basic, Applied and Innovative Research 5, no. 4 (2016): 130-137.

H.U. Nwanjo,. "Efficacy of aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina on plasma lipoprotein and oxidative status in diabetic rat models." Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences 20, no. 1 (2005): 39-42.

O. Popoola, “Phytochemical Status of Different Solvent Extracts of Anthocleista djalonensis A. Chev Leaves”, Int. Ann. Sci., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 62-69, Aug. 2019. doi:10.21467/ias.8.1.62-69

U. Złotek, S. Mikulska, M. Nagajek, and M. Świeca. "The effect of different solvents and number of extraction steps on the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.) extracts." Saudi journal of biological sciences 23, no. 5 (2016): 628-633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.08.002

D. Dimuthu. "Basic Assessment of Community Based Water Projects in Sri Lanka to Analyze Impacts of it for Health and Social Development and Sustainable Community Development Approaches." GSJ 7, no. 1 (2019).

A. Monger and K. Wangdi. Lead and Mercury Exposure and Related Health Problems in Metal Artisan Workplaces and High-Risk Household Contacts in Thimphu, Bhutan. | Volume 2020 |Article ID 9267181 | 6 pages | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9267181.

A. Saturday. Mercury and its Associated Impacts on Environment and Human Health: A Review. Journal of Environment and Health Science. DOI:10.15436/2378-6841.18-1906.

World Health Organization, “Exposure to mercury: a major public health Concern,” 2018, https://www.who.int/ipcs/features/mercury.pdf.

M. I. Guijarro, , S. Mendioroz, and V. Muñoz. "Effect of morphology of sulfurized materials in the retention of mercury from gas streams." Industrial & engineering chemistry research 37, no. 3 (1998): 1088-1094. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie9701074

B. J. Ye, B. G. Kim, M. J. Jeon et al., “Evaluation of mercury exposure level, clinical diagnosis and treatment for mercury intoxication,” Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol. 28, no. 5, 2016.

K.S. Rao, S. Anand, and P. Venkateswarlu. "Adsorption of cadmium (II) ions from aqueous solution by Tectona grandis LF (teak leaves powder)." BioResources 5, no. 1 (2010): 438-454.

Lohren, H., Bornhorst, J., Galla, H.-J., et al. The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier–first evidence for an active transport of organic mercury compounds out of the brain. (2015) Metallomics 7(10): 1420–1430.

H. H. Abbas, M. Sakakibara, K. Sera et al., “Mercury exposure and health problems in urban artisanal gold mining (UAGM) in Makassar, south Sulawesi, Indonesia,” Geosciences, vol. 7, p. 44, 2017.

D.C. Rice, and S. G. Gilbert. "Effects of developmental exposure to methyl mercury on spatial and temporal visual function in monkeys." Toxicology and applied pharmacology 102, no. 1 (1990): 151-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-008X(90)90092-9

T.W. Clarkson, and L. Magos. "The toxicology of mercury and its chemical compounds." Critical reviews in toxicology 36, no. 8 (2006): 609-662. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408440600845619

L. M. Liao, M. C. Friesen, Y.-B. Xiang et al., “Occupational lead exposure and associations with selected cancers: the Shanghai men’s and women’s health study cohorts,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 124, no. 1, pp. 97–103, 2016.

C.L. Goh, and S. K. Ng. "Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from metallic mercury." Contact dermatitis 19, no. 3 (1988): 232-233. First published: September 1988. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1988.tb02914.x

S.W. Thurston, P. Bovet, G. J. Myers, P. W. Davidson, L. A. Georger, C. Shamlaye, and T. W. Clarkson. "Does prenatal methylmercury exposure from fish consumption affect blood pressure in childhood?." Neurotoxicology 28, no. 5 (2007): 924-930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2007.06.002

L. Altmann, , K. Sveinsson, U. Krämer, M. Weishoff-Houben, M. Turfeld, G. Winneke, and H. Wiegand. "Visual functions in 6-year-old children in relation to lead and mercury levels." Neurotoxicology and teratology 20, no. 1 (1998): 9-17.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-0362(97)00070-6

S. Booth and D. Zeller. "Mercury, food webs, and marine mammals: implications of diet and climate change for human health." Environmental Health Perspectives 113, no. 5 (2005): 521-526. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7603

M.V. Rao, , and P. S. N. Sharma. "Protective effect of vitamin E against mercuric chloride reproductive toxicity in male mice." Reproductive Toxicology 15, no. 6 (2001): 705-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0890-6238(01)00183-6

J.C. Clifton II. "Mercury exposure and public health." Pediatric Clinics of North America 54, no. 2 (2007): 237-e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2007.02.005

O.D. Olatomide, S. S. Adebisi, and S. A. Musa. "Assessment of the effect of post-natal lead exposure on the hippocampus of developing wistar rats." IBRO Reports 7 (2019): 30-31.

R.A.B., Wallington, E.A., 1980. Preparation and Fixation of Tissues.Carletons Histological Tecnique, 5th ed R Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford

M. Yoshida, M. Suzuki, M. Satoh, A. Yasutake, and C. Watanabe. "Neurobehavioral effects of combined prenatal exposure to low-level mercury vapor and methylmercury." The Journal of toxicological sciences 36, no. 1 (2011): 73-80.

J. Mutter, A. Curth, J. Naumann, R. Deth, and H. Walach. "Does inorganic mercury play a role in Alzheimer's disease? A systematic review and an integrated molecular mechanism." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 22, no. 2 (2010): 357-374. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 22 (2010) 357–374. DOI 10.3233/JAD-2010-100705IOS Press

U. Wolf, M. J. Rapoport, and T. A. Schweizer. "Evaluating the affective component of the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome." The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences 21, no. 3 (2009): 245-253.

C.J. Quirino, M. de Araújo, M. Faria, and R. F. Júnior. "Depression, Insomnia, and Memory Loss in a PatientWith Chronic Intoxication by Inorganic Mercury." Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences (2012): 191-205. Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 52(3), pp 957-969, 2020. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2018071104073

M. Fuyuta, T. Fujimoto, and S. Hirata. "Embryotoxic effects of methylmercuric chloride administered to mice and rats during organogenesis." Teratology 18, no. 3 (1978): 353-365. https://doi.org/10.1002/tera.1420180310

R.D. Barr, B. A. Woodger, and P. H. Rees. "Levels of mercury in urine correlated with the use of skin lightening creams." American journal of clinical pathology 59, no. 1 (1973): 36-40. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, Volume 59, Issue 1, 1 January 1973, Pages 36–40. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/59.1.36

Downloads

Published

2020-07-01

Issue

Section

Research Article

How to Cite

[1]
U. S. Aguwa, “Comparing the Neuroprotective Effects of Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of Vernonia Amygdalina on the Cerebellum of Adult Male Wistar Rats”, Int. Ann. Sci., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 145–159, Jul. 2020.